Mongolia
Capital: Ulaanbaatar
History
The Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under Chinggis KHAAN they established a huge Eurasian empire through conquest. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and in the late 17th century came under Chinese rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing and a Communist regime was installed in 1924. The modern country of Mongolia, however, represents only part of the Mongols' historical homeland; more ethnic Mongolians live in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China than in Mongolia. Following a peaceful democratic revolution, the ex-Communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) won elections in 1990 and 1992, but was defeated by the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC) in the 1996 parliamentary election. The MPRP won an overwhelming majority in the 2000 parliamentary election, but the party lost seats in the 2004 election and shared power with democratic coalition parties from 2004-08. The MPRP regained a solid majority in the 2008 parliamentary elections but nevertheless formed a coalition government with the Democratic Party that lasted until January 2012. In 2009, current President ELBEGDORJ of the Democratic Party was elected to office. In 2010, the MPRP voted to retake the name of the Mongolian People's Party (MPP), a name it used in the early 1920s. Shortly thereafter, a new party was formed by former president ENKHBAYAR, which adopted the MPRP name. In the 2012 Parliamentary elections, a coalition of four political parties led by the Democratic Party, gained control of the Parliament.
Geography
Metric Units
|
Total Area
|
1,564,116
sq km
|
| Land Boundaries |
8,220
km
|
| Border Countries |
China 4,677 km, Russia 3,543 km |
| Coastline |
0
km
|
| Terrain |
vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central |
| Minimum Elevation |
560
m
|
| Maximum Elevation |
4,374
m
|
| Climate |
desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) |
| Natural Resources |
oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron |
| Arable Land |
0.39% |
| Permanent Crops |
0% |
Economy
Budget & Debt
Trade
| Exports |
$4.39 billion |
| Export Items |
copper, apparel, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals, coal, crude oil |
| Export Partners |
China 85.7%, Canada 6.3% (2011) |
| Imports |
$6.74 billion |
| Import Items |
machinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, cigarettes and tobacco, appliances, soap and detergent |
| Import Partners |
China 43.4%, Russia 23.3%, South Korea 5.6%, Japan 5.1%, US 5% (2011) |
People
Energy
