Cambodia
Kingdom of Cambodia
Capital: Phnom Penh
History
Most Cambodians consider themselves to be Khmers, descendants of the Angkor Empire that extended over much of Southeast Asia and reached its zenith between the 10th and 13th centuries. Attacks by the Thai and Cham (from present-day Vietnam) weakened the empire, ushering in a long period of decline. The king placed the country under French protection in 1863, and it became part of French Indochina in 1887. Following Japanese occupation in World War II, Cambodia gained full independence from France in 1953. In April 1975, after a five-year struggle, Communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh and evacuated all cities and towns. At least 1.5 million Cambodians died from execution, forced hardships, or starvation during the Khmer Rouge regime under POL POT. A December 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside, began a 10-year Vietnamese occupation, and touched off almost 13 years of civil war. The 1991 Paris Peace Accords mandated democratic elections and a ceasefire, which was not fully respected by the Khmer Rouge. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore some semblance of normalcy under a coalition government. Factional fighting in 1997 ended the first coalition government, but a second round of national elections in 1998 led to the formation of another coalition government and renewed political stability. The remaining elements of the Khmer Rouge surrendered in early 1999. Some of the surviving Khmer Rouge leaders have been tried or are awaiting trial for crimes against humanity by a hybrid UN-Cambodian tribunal supported by international assistance. Elections in July 2003 were relatively peaceful, but it took one year of negotiations between contending political parties before a coalition government was formed. In October 2004, King Norodom SIHANOUK abdicated the throne and his son, Prince Norodom SIHAMONI, was selected to succeed him. Local elections were held in Cambodia in April 2007, with little of the pre-election violence that preceded prior elections. National elections in July 2008 were relatively peaceful, as were commune council elections in June 2012.
Geography
Metric Units
|
Total Area
|
181,035
sq km
|
| Land Boundaries |
2,572
km
|
| Border Countries |
Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km |
| Coastline |
443
km
|
| Terrain |
mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north |
| Minimum Elevation |
0
m
|
| Maximum Elevation |
1,810
m
|
| Climate |
tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation |
| Natural Resources |
oil and gas, timber, gemstones, iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential |
| Arable Land |
22.09% |
| Permanent Crops |
0.86% |
Economy
Budget & Debt
Trade
| Exports |
$6.15 billion |
| Export Items |
clothing, timber, rubber, rice, fish, tobacco, footwear |
| Export Partners |
US 39.5%, Canada 8.2%, Germany 7.8%, UK 7.5%, Vietnam 6%, Japan 4.3% (2011) |
| Imports |
$8.84 billion |
| Import Items |
petroleum products, cigarettes, gold, construction materials, machinery, motor vehicles, pharmaceutical products |
| Import Partners |
Thailand 24.6%, Vietnam 20.6%, China 19.9%, Singapore 7.8%, Hong Kong 6% (2011) |
People
| Population |
15,205,539 |
| Population Growth |
1.67% |
| Ethnic Groups |
Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4% |
| Religion |
Buddhist (official) 96.4%, Muslim 2.1%, other 1.3%, unspecified 0.2% (1998 census) |
| Life Expectancy |
63.41 years |
| Infant Mortality |
0.94 deaths/1,000 live births |
| Maternal Mortality |
3.2 deaths/100,000 live births |
Energy
